GPS + Galileo + BDS-3 medium to long-range single-baseline RTK: an alternative for network-based RTK?

Abstract Thanks to the development of real-time kinematic (RTK) algorithm and emerging Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), especially for Galileo BeiDou-3, reliable positioning accuracy medium long-baseline RTK became possible globally. Moreover, with GNSS receiver hardware, baseline length limitations due radio-based communications are removed thanks internet-based communication. In this work, single-baseline RTK, incorporated partial ambiguity resolution troposphere ionosphere weighting, using GPS (G), (E), BeiDou-3 (C3) multi-GNSS (GE GEC3), is conducted real data EUREF Permanent network under three different cutoff angles (10°, 20°, 30°) six lengths baselines (~50, ~150, ~250, ~350, ~450, ~550 km). The results show that solution significantly contributed convergence time single-system solutions. Based on results, non-available epoch-wise solutions high-degree more obvious whereas provide 100% each angle baseline. indicate instantaneous a few epochs single-epoch feasible 50, 150, 250 350 km RTK. horizontal–vertical improvements (GEC3) compared found as 50%–37%, 40%–35%, 55%–47%, 53%–54%, 57%–49% 250, 350, 450 550 km, respectively, 10° angle. For 20° 30° angles, much higher. (n/e/u) 86/92/75%, 77/67/72%, 75/77/83%, 53/56/52%, 69/49/62%, 52/45/39%